isp internet service provider

• ISP (Интернет-провайдер; англ. Internet Service Provider ) — организация, предоставляющая пользователям доступ к сети Интернет и связанные с этим услуги.
• Integrated Service Provider — фирма, по договору занимающаяся различным обслуживанием в сфере логистики, таким как складские услуги, транспортировка и другие
• Institute of Sales Promotion (Институт стимулирования продаж) — организация в Великобритании
• ISP Sports — американская компания, занимающаяся маркетингом в спорте и управляющая радиовещательными сетями нескольких спортивных колледжей

В компьютерных науках:

• ISP Formal Verification Tool (In-situ Partial Order) — инструмент проверки для интерфейса передачи сообщений
• In-System Programming — способ настройки программируемых логических устройств, когда они устанавливаются в более крупные системы
• Interface Segregation Principle — один из пяти принципов проектирования SOLID

• Instituto Superior Politécnico — университет в Сан-Томе и Принсипи
• Integrated science program — программа награждений в Северо-западном университете Иллинойса, США
• Йельский Information Society Project — программа в юридической школе Йеля
• Information Systems Professional (профессиональные информационные системы) — название канадской информационно-образовательной программы
• International School of Paris — частная школа в Париже, Франция
• Independent Study Project — форма обучения во многих образовательных учреждениях по всему миру

• Удельный импульс, обозначаемый Isp, — термин, используемый для описания ракетной тяги

• В IATA, код аэропорта Islip/Long Island MacArthur Airport
• В Англии, код железнодорожной станции Islip railway station
• Аббревиатура англоязычного названия партии Independent Socialist Party
• Invisibl Skratch Piklz — группа артистов в начале 1990-х годов
• Image Sensor Processor — специализированный цифровой процессор обработки сигналов (ЦПОС) используемый для обработки изображений в цифровых камерах и других устройствах.

Интернет-прова́йдер (иногда просто провайдер; от англ. internet service provider , сокр. ISP — поставщик интернет-услуги) — организация, предоставляющая услуги доступа к сети Интернет и иные связанные с Интернетом услуги.

К основным услугам интернет провайдеров относятся:

• широкополосный доступ в Интернет,
• коммутируемый доступ в Интернет,
• беспроводной доступ в Интернет,
• выделение дискового пространства для хранения и обеспечения работы сайтов (хостинг),
• поддержка электронных почтовых ящиков или виртуального почтового сервера,
• размещение оборудования клиента на площадке провайдера (колокация),
• аренда выделенных и виртуальных серверов (VPS, VDS),
• резервирование данных.

В соответствии с предоставляемыми услугами их можно разделить на категории:

Среди провайдеров доступа можно выделить первичных (магистральных), имеющих магистральные каналы связи в собственности, и вторичных (городских, домовых), арендующих каналы связи у первичных. Первичные провайдеры обычно продают трафик только в больших объёмах и оказывают услуги другим провайдерам, а не индивидуальным пользователям, хотя есть и исключения.

Содержание

1. С точки зрения российского права [ править | править код ]
2. Contents
3. History [ edit ]
4. Net neutrality [ edit ]
5. Classifications [ edit ]
6. Access providers [ edit ]
7. Mailbox providers [ edit ]
8. Hosting ISPs [ edit ]
9. Transit ISPs [ edit ]
10. Virtual ISPs [ edit ]
11. Free ISPs [ edit ]
12. Wireless ISP [ edit ]
13. Peering [ edit ]
14. Law enforcement and intelligence assistance [ edit ]

С точки зрения российского права [ править | править код ]

Интернет-провайдер — это оператор связи, имеющий лицензию на один из следующих видов услуг:

• Услуги связи по предоставлению каналов связи.
• Услуги связи в сети передачи данных, за исключением передачи голосовой информации.
• Услуги связи по передаче голосовой информации в сети передачи данных.
• Телематические услуги связи.

Лицензии выдаются Роскомнадзором сроком на 5 лет [1] .

An Internet service provider (ISP) is an organization that provides services for accessing, using, or participating in the Internet. Internet service providers may be organized in various forms, such as commercial, community-owned, non-profit, or otherwise privately owned.

Internet services typically provided by ISPs include Internet access, Internet transit, domain name registration, web hosting, Usenet service, and colocation.

Contents

History [ edit ]

The Internet (originally ARPAnet) was developed as a network between government research laboratories and participating departments of universities. Other companies and organizations joined by direct connection to the backbone, or by arrangements through other connected companies, sometime using dialup tools such as UUCP. By the late 1980s, a process was set in place towards public, commercial use of the Internet. The remaining restrictions were removed by 1991, [1] shortly after the introduction of the World W >[2]

During the 1980s, online service providers such as CompuServe and America On Line (AOL) began to offer limited capabilities to access the Internet, such as e-mail interchange, but full access to the Internet was not readily available to the general public.

In 1989, the first Internet service prov >[3] and the United States. In Brookline, Massachusetts, The World became the first commercial ISP in the US. Its first customer was served in November 1989. [4] These companies generally offered dial-up connections, using the public telephone network to provide last-mile connections to their customers. The barriers to entry for dial-up ISPs were low and many providers emerged.

However, cable television companies and the telephone carriers already had wired connections to their customers and could offer Internet connections at much higher speeds than dial-up using broadband technology such as cable modems and digital subscriber line (DSL). As a result, these companies often became the dominant ISPs in their service areas, and what was once a highly competitive ISP market became effectively a monopoly or duopoly in countries with a commercial telecommunications market, such as the United States.

Net neutrality [ edit ]

On 23 April 2014, the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) was reported to be cons >[5] [6] [7] A possible solution to net neutrality concerns may be municipal broadband, according to Professor Susan Crawford, a legal and technology expert at Harvard Law School. [8] On 15 May 2014, the FCC dec >[9] [10] On 10 November 2014, Pres >[11] [12] [13] On 16 January 2015, Republicans presented legislation, in the form of a U.S. Congress H.R. discussion draft bill, that makes concessions to net neutrality but prohibits the FCC from accomplishing the goal or enacting any further regulation affecting Internet service prov >[14] [15] On 31 January 2015, AP News reported that the FCC will present the notion of applying («with some caveats») Title II (common carrier) of the Communications Act of 1934 to the Internet in a vote expected on 26 February 2015. [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] Adoption of this notion would re >[21] and, according to Tom Wheeler, chairman of the FCC, ensure net neutrality. [22] [23] The FCC is expected to enforce net neutrality in its vote, according to The New York Times. [24] [25]

On 26 February 2015, the FCC ruled in favor of net neutrality by adopting Title II (common carrier) of the Communications Act of 1934 and Section 706 in the Telecommunications Act of 1996 to the Internet. [26] [27] [28] The FCC Chairman, Tom Wheeler, commented, «This is no more a plan to regulate the Internet than the First Amendment is a plan to regulate free speech. They both stand for the same concept.» [29] On 12 March 2015, the FCC released the specific details of the net neutrality rules. [30] [31] [32] On 13 April 2015, the FCC published the final rule on its new «Net Neutrality» regulations. [33] [34] These rules went into effect on 12 June 2015. [35]

Upon becoming FCC chairman in April 2017, Ajit Pai proposed an end to net neutrality, awaiting votes from the commission. [36] [37] On 21 November 2017, Pai announced that a vote will be held by FCC members on 14 December on whether to repeal the policy. [38] On 11 June 2018, the repeal of the FCC’s network neutrality rules took effect. [39]

Classifications [ edit ]

Access providers [ edit ]

Access prov >[40] Available technologies have ranged from computer modems with acoustic couplers to telephone lines, to television cable (CATV), Wi-Fi, and fiber optics.

For users and small businesses, traditional options include copper wires to prov >[41]

Mailbox providers [ edit ]

A mailbox provider is an organization that provides services for hosting electronic mail domains with access to storage for mail boxes. It provides email servers to send, receive, accept, and store email for end users or other organizations.

Many mailbox prov >[43] while others are not (e.g., Gmail, Yahoo! Mail, Outlook.com, AOL Mail, Po box). The definition given in RFC 6650 covers email hosting services, as well as the relevant department of companies, universities, organizations, groups, and indiv >[44]

Hosting ISPs [ edit ]

Internet hosting services provide email, web-hosting, or online storage services. Other services include virtual server, cloud services, or physical server operation.

Transit ISPs [ edit ]

Just as their customers pay them for Internet access, ISPs themselves pay upstream ISPs for Internet access. An upstream ISP usually has a larger network than the contracting ISP or is able to prov >[45]

In the simplest case, a single connection is established to an upstream ISP and is used to transmit data to or from areas of the Internet beyond the home network; this mode of interconnection is often cascaded multiple times until reaching a tier 1 carrier. In reality, the situation is often more complex. ISPs with more than one point of presence (PoP) may have separate connections to an upstream ISP at multiple PoPs, or they may be customers of multiple upstream ISPs and may have connections to each one of them at one or more point of presence. [45] Transit ISPs prov >[46]

Virtual ISPs [ edit ]

A virtual ISP (VISP) is an operation that purchases services from another ISP, sometimes called a wholesale ISP in this context, [47] which allow the VISP’s customers to access the Internet using services and infrastructure owned and operated by the wholesale ISP. VISPs resemble mobile virtual network operators and competitive local exchange carriers for voice communications.

Free ISPs [ edit ]

Free ISPs are Internet service prov >[ citation needed ]

Wireless ISP [ edit ]

Peering [ edit ]

ISPs may engage in peering, where multiple ISPs interconnect at peering points or Internet exchange points (IXs), allowing routing of data between each network, without charging one another for the data transmitted—data that would otherwise have passed through a third upstream ISP, incurring charges from the upstream ISP. [45]

ISPs requiring no upstream and having only customers (end customers or peer ISPs) are called Tier 1 ISPs.

Network hardware, software and specifications, as well as the expertise of network management personnel are important in ensuring that data follows the most efficient route, and upstream connections work reliably. A tradeoff between cost and efficiency is possible. [ citation needed ]

Law enforcement and intelligence assistance [ edit ]

Internet service prov >[48] [49] Modern ISPs integrate a w >[50] in Russia) allowing monitoring of Internet traffic in real time.

Источник: computermaker.info